How to Write the Best Compare and Contrast Essay

In your life as a student, you’re going to write different types of assignments. Each paper will have its own unique requirements and even writing styles. One of those that you will encounter is the comparison and contrasting essays. These types of essays are the best to write as they will not limit you when it comes to creativity. However, they do require you to research and analyze the ways how characters, ideas or two things are similar and different from one another. In short, what your professor or lecturer is asking you in these essays is to go beyond mere summary and instead engage in critical thinking to gain a deeper understanding of the subjects your comparing. You also need to understand how characters relate to each other and what makes them unique. Writing an essay about one subject is hard enough and takes time, but when it comes to two topics where do you even begin? No worries, we got you covered. Here is a detailed guideline on how to write a great compare and contrast essays that will give you academic excellence. What Is Compare and Contrast Essay? Definition and Writing Guide This essay is about expressing your thoughts on contradictive issues. The trick to writing this type of paper is to draw a parallel between two characters, issues or objects. Depending on the course, your professor might ask you to compare two theories, characters in a novel, scientific methods and even two historical eras. However, this academic paper is not just about listing differences and similarities. You also have to support your findings without bias using evidence. Step by Step Guide on How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay As a student, no matter which course you are undertaking, there is a high chance that your lecturer will ask you to write a comparison analysis paper. To write this assignment follow the below step by step guideline. Conduct research and come up with a good topic When reading the course material or when listening to your lecturer teach about that particular subject, you’re likely to come across a topic that fascinates you. Its best to choose a topic of interest as it will make it easier for you to write and make the whole process fun. From your topic choose two ideas or characters that you can easily compare and contrast — for example, generation X vs. generation Y. Brainstorm ideas Now that you know your topic, the next step is to brainstorm and come up with similarities and differences between the two objects. Create two lists: one with differences between the two subjects and another with similarities. You can even use a table or a Venn diagram. Create your main argument A compare and contrast paper is more than just listing similarities and differences. Instead, the differences and similarities should point you to the main argument. Reading the list and what it says about the topic will lead to the main argument. Write an outline Now that you know what you’re going to write about, the next step is to figure out how you’re going to express your points. Decide on a structure and create an outline which will include an introduction, followed by the body and conclusion. Remember, to help your reader keep track of what you’re saying use words like in comparison to, similar to, on the other hand, and on the contrary. How to Start a Compare and Contrast Essay That Will Impress Your Teacher Just from the start, a reader will decide whether your essay is worth their attention. The start of an essay should clearly set the tone and show the reader what you will compare and contrast. It should also give a brief review of the topic to help a reader better understand it and have an intriguing thesis statement. The most important start of a great essay is a hook. The hook sentence should give a hint of what the topic is about and what the reader should expect from the rest of the paragraphs. Remember, the sentence should be interesting and engaging. It can be an interesting fact, a bold claim, personal experience that the reader can relate to or a provoking question. The Professional Way on How to Structure a Compare and Contrast Essay Compare and contrast essay structure follows the standard format for all academic papers: it starts with an introduction, followed by the main body and finally the conclusion. However, a good compare and contrast essay will either have a point by point structure or block structure. Point by point structure With this structure, the writer will start by first giving the differences and similarities of one concept and do the same for the other concept. This structure is ideal for long essays as the differences and similarities between the two subjects are explained next to each other. It also keeps the assignment organized and gives room for the writer to cover more information. Block structure Block structure is ideal for shorter essays. In this structure, the writer will give all the information concerning one concept being compared and contrasted in the first half of the paper and present the concept about the other subject afterwards. For example, in the block structure, you will have an introduction, followed by the first half of the essay where you will give all the information about object A. You will then include a transition section, followed by the second half of the paper where you will address object B and lastly a concluding paragraph. The transition paragraph is what differentiates the first half and the second half of the paper and helps the reader to differentiate between the two concepts. Importance of Compare and Contrast Essay Introduction Paragraph Capture the attention of your readers in the first few sentences of the introduction, and they will be intrigued enough to read through the whole paper. An introduction is important because it establishes credibility and prepares the teacher for the paper content. The best way to use this paragraph is to highlight your knowledge of the topic by giving a preview of the main points and providing a structure on how the paper will flow. How to Write a Catchy Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion While a conclusion is the last part of an essay and most students tend to put less effort into it, it’s worth investing time in. Just like your introduction, the conclusion has an influence on your readers experience as it helps you make a final last impression. The best way to write a contrast essay conclusion is to emphasize the thesis statement. Also, give a brief summary of the similarities and differences. Avoid repeating the same words you used in your paper. Instead, synthesize the information in a way that shows the reader how your main points, examples, and evidence you’ve given fit together. Don’t forget to propose a solution to an issue related to the paper or course of action. Additionally, avoid using words such as in conclusion, in closing or in summary as they are often overused in essays hence deemed unnecessary. Compare and Contrast Essay Example Comparative Analysis of â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and â€Å"What Is Our Life?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The objective of the paper is to discuss and to comparatively analyze two literary works namely the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† written by Plato and â€Å"What is Our Life?† written by Sir Walter Ralegh.   The two literary works explore the meanings of life in different perspectives. The Allegory of the Cave by Plato is a philosophical expression of the meaning of life and the meaning of human existence in the world.   It can be summarized as a view on how human beings draw meanings of life from the different factors that can be perceived in the physical world.   There is a huge challenge presented by Plato in the said work that is to find the real meaning of life.   This can be attributed to the fact that people are often presented by situations that mask the truth in life.   For that matter, the facts that are perceived to be true are in reality just shadows on the wall of the cave.   The only reason why human beings are blinded from the true existence of things outside the cave is because every factor in the perceived reality are built in a consistent and interconnected manner that satisfy inquisitive nature (Plato 2-9). The work of Sir Walter Ralegh entitled What is Our Life? as the other literary work also explored the question regarding life.   Ralegh was a descriptive representation of life in metaphor.   Every concise line described a distinct aspect in the life of human beings.   In the said literary work, life is compared to a play on stage with the different factors equivalent to the different issues in life such as the music, the venue, the costume, the spectators, and the interaction of the different actors (Ralegh). There are similarities and differences between the two literary works.   In terms of the structure, the Allegory of the Cave is a prose of free form while the work of Ralegh is structured and measured.   In terms of length, the two works also differs.   Plato’s work is comparatively longer and more explorative in terms of the different meanings of the concepts of the cave presented.   On the other hand, Ralegh’s work is more concise and is shorter.   In terms of the meaning, it might be a common notion that Ralegh’s work would be vaguer and would need deeper understanding but Plato’s work regardless of the long exploration and discussion included in the work can be considered to have a faire share of vagueness and mystery based on the issue presented. Another important similarity of the two literary works is the element of interest that can be invoked to the readers due to the fact that both needed critical thinking and in depth analysis to be ab le to be understood and even to explore the concept regarding life that had been presented. The two works, the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† by Plato and â€Å"What is Our Life?† by Sir Walter Ralegh can then be considered as two literary works worthy of study and understanding due to the important perspectives presented regarding the meanings of life in different perspectives. Works Cited: Plato.   Allegory of the Cave.   Class Notes, p.2-9. Ralegh, Walter.   What Is Our Life?.   Class Notes. Want to save time? If you’re stuck writing a comparison and contrast essay or any type of paper, then don’t hesitate to use our college paper service. Call us now, and we will help you submit the best paper that will guarantee you a good grade.

Free Essays on Living With Anorexia Nervosa

Living with Anorexia Nervosa In American society women are given the message starting from a very young age that in order to be successful and happy, they must be thin. Eating disorders are on the rise; it is not surprising given the value which society places on being thin. Generally in Western cultures â€Å"thin is beautiful†. Television, newspapers and magazines are full of pictures of slim, attractive young men and women. When looking in a popular magazine I came across an article about models in the nineties compared to today. The difference was drastic; they were actually ten to fifteen pounds slimmer. In the opinion of the writers as well as mine, the models actually looked healthier and better when they were heavier. This example shows that even over the past ten years there has been a vast difference in the appearance of body image. TV and magazines push miracle diets and exercise plans to enable us to mold our bodies to the look of these artificial, idealized figures, to conform to the shape the media tell us we should be. As a result, almost everybody diets at some time or other. It is easy to see how this social pressure might cause some young women to diet excessively, and eventually to develop Anorexia. The person with Anorexia actually â€Å"believes they are doing what many others in our society are doing-dieting† (Sherman & Thompson, 4). Thinness is also demanded in sports. This leads to â€Å"eating disorders being more of a problem for some athletes than for the general population† (Sherman & Thompson, 21). Many athletes are asked to lose weight to perform better. Track athletes are known to lose weight so they can run quicker to get better times for their race. What they do not realize is when you lose a lot of weight your body becomes unhealthy. Malnutrition leads to fatigue and poorer performance, which cancels out the weight loss factor (Bruch, 6). A factor of Anorexia Nervosa is excessive exercise.... Free Essays on Living With Anorexia Nervosa Free Essays on Living With Anorexia Nervosa Living with Anorexia Nervosa In American society women are given the message starting from a very young age that in order to be successful and happy, they must be thin. Eating disorders are on the rise; it is not surprising given the value which society places on being thin. Generally in Western cultures â€Å"thin is beautiful†. Television, newspapers and magazines are full of pictures of slim, attractive young men and women. When looking in a popular magazine I came across an article about models in the nineties compared to today. The difference was drastic; they were actually ten to fifteen pounds slimmer. In the opinion of the writers as well as mine, the models actually looked healthier and better when they were heavier. This example shows that even over the past ten years there has been a vast difference in the appearance of body image. TV and magazines push miracle diets and exercise plans to enable us to mold our bodies to the look of these artificial, idealized figures, to conform to the shape the media tell us we should be. As a result, almost everybody diets at some time or other. It is easy to see how this social pressure might cause some young women to diet excessively, and eventually to develop Anorexia. The person with Anorexia actually â€Å"believes they are doing what many others in our society are doing-dieting† (Sherman & Thompson, 4). Thinness is also demanded in sports. This leads to â€Å"eating disorders being more of a problem for some athletes than for the general population† (Sherman & Thompson, 21). Many athletes are asked to lose weight to perform better. Track athletes are known to lose weight so they can run quicker to get better times for their race. What they do not realize is when you lose a lot of weight your body becomes unhealthy. Malnutrition leads to fatigue and poorer performance, which cancels out the weight loss factor (Bruch, 6). A factor of Anorexia Nervosa is excessive exercise....

What is a key fact from the chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is a key fact from the chapter - Essay Example The Bill dictated that slavery would not be allowed on new territories acquired from Mexico but could only be allowed in territories that already supported slavery. The Southerners took a hard line and refused to compromise despite the fact that the Northerners had already compromised (150-151). President Taylor’s plan to admit New Mexico and California immediately into the Union after discovery of Gold Mines in the region were futile because each side, the North and the South, were suspicious of each other (152). Lewis Cass’s support for â€Å"popular sovereignty† lost him popularity with the Democrats and he subsequently lost the elections (152). An attempt to bring both sides to compromise and arrive at an agreement proved futile when the Omnibus Bill failed as a package but passed when the provisions were presented separately (154). Any leader who supported either side exclusively lost elections as is evident in William H. Seward’s bid in 1858 (165). D uring the war the prejudices and malice in the Union States were evident after President Lincoln was accused of war crimes and his wife accused of being a spy (169). Eventually, the Northern States won and one would have expected the North to engage in revenge. However, the situation was rescued by the nationalism and prudence of President Lincoln for he preached unity instead of revenge (177). Although, the Union States won the war it is evident that both sides had arguments that were not completely objective with sections filled with malice, prejudice and hatred. These vices are the ones that threatened to divide the country were it not for President’s Lincoln’s sincere sentiments of American unity. In essence, the key fact is that the war could have been avoided if both sides had employed practicality and agreed to

Industrial Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Industrial Engineering - Essay Example ess and present its advantages and disadvantages d) make a comparison between the casting and powder metallurgy processes 2- Manufacturing Steps 2-1 Raw Materials 2-1-1 Raw materials definition Raw materials are used in industries as a starting material or reactant to establish products. According to Oxford dictionary, a raw material is â€Å"the basic material from which a product is made†. These materials are often natural resources such as oil, iron and wood but some time it may also be synthetic resources well. 2-1-2 Types of raw materials There are various types of raw material among them five different main types of raw material are following A. Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, gasoline, etc) B. Precious metals (gold, silver, etc) C. Industrial metals (copper, iron, etc) D. Agricultural products (wheat, coffee, cotton, etc) E. Animal husbandry (pork bellies, cattle, etc) 2-1-3 How it can be used The properties of raw materials can vary greatly and it depend upon the avail ability (season and storage) of raw material. Todd et al (1994, Pp. 36-42) claims that various raw materials can be similar to each other in their correlation, and differ in the inflation rate depend upon the demand and availability. The investors probably oil and gold are among the most sought after raw materials. To bring a little light into the darkness, we want to give below an overview of the various types of raw materials. We know that to make a company more profitable is to increase the sales price, but to manage cost efficiently, which ultimately depend the final value of the product. In addition, Degarmo et al (2003: Pp. 123-132) argue that the cost and quality of the final product depends largely on raw material. Raw material are a part of the most important aspects of a company and the... The properties of raw materials can vary greatly and it depend upon the availability (season and storage) of raw material. Todd et al claims that various raw materials can be similar to each other in their correlation, and differ in the inflation rate depend upon the demand and availability. The investors probably oil and gold are among the most sought after raw materials. To bring a little light into the darkness, we want to give below an overview of the various types of raw materials. We know that to make a company more profitable is to increase the sales price, but to manage cost efficiently, which ultimately depend the final value of the product. In addition, Degarmo et al argue that the cost and quality of the final product depends largely on raw material. Raw material are a part of the most important aspects of a company and the their cost. So the way forward is to be more efficient in managing costs.

3. Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the Essay

3. Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the White populations - Essay Example This often tends to put the patients in need of immediate medical assistance, at a higher health risk. Furthermore, even though affordable health care providers are indeed located and identified, seeking self-referral for acute illnesses is another major problem. Most of the practitioners do not attend to patients on a self-referral in terms of securing an appointment with them, but instead are required to get one from ones family physician or alternatively seek initial assistance from some other general practitioner till a referral is received. This leads to wastage of time as well as money, which is both highly unacceptable setbacks in case of emergency medical care. The above mentioned hassles may not be bothersome to the economically well off individuals, however in case of an average citizen or a commoner, such setbacks play a huge role in influencing their decision and restricting their access to cheaper, better and effective health care. It has been observed on various occasions that assessing the exact type of illness suffered can be tricky. The situation is much worse in case of an ordinary citizen who has very little or absolutely no knowledge regarding medicine or health care. In such a situation, comprehending the actions of the physicians or nurses, or the tests carried out on them, especially during complex physical examinations becomes all the more difficult. Most of the time the patients have no knowledge or information regarding the tests carried out on them, their significance, or outcome, and even if they ask for a detailed explanation, they are often provided with an answer which includes complex medical jargon, which is practically incomprehensible to the ordinary individual. This may put the patients under tremendous pressure, and lead to awkwardness and unease among them. The health care practitioners must be trained to deal with such situations and communicate with them in a better and comprehensibl e manner, in order to save them

Industrial Separation of a Mixture: Fractional Distillation

Industrial Separation of a Mixture: Fractional Distillation What sphere is the mixture found in? Crude oil also known as petroleum is an unrefined oil extracted manly to produce petrol, paraffin and diesel oil. The oil is comprised of hydrocarbons, a number of organic compounds and small pieces of metal. The formation of this liquid dates back to millions of years ago from ancient marine life. This substance is located in the lithosphere inside rocks well stuck into the ground. To combat this, mining companies use the normal extraction of drilling to crack open the rocks and withdrawal the oil. Petroleum has had a significant contribution towards the world as it powers all transport vehicles, chemicals, plastics, heat and electricity. Identify physical property used during separation One of the physical properties used when petroleum is being fractionally distilled remains heating to its boiling point. This method is used in order to extract oil from the rest of mixture and make into a pure substance. This is very important due to that fact that the substance must be pure in order to sell or work as petrol or diesel. If these requirements are not met the oil will not work properly and quality will suffer. Description of Process Since petroleum is a mixture there is a numerous ways to separate it such as physical or mechanically but the most common method used throughout the world is the process of fractional distillation. This method is mainly used in most companies because different substances in the mixture have different boiling points and allows it to condense, re-evaporate then condense that permits the separation of the oil from the mixture to become easier. Here is how the oil is separated using fractional distillation: The petroleum mixture is containing different boiling points is heated to a high temperature as it has more than two substances present in it.   Then heat is normally about 400-600 degrees Celsius. This makes the mixture boil and become a vapour Following this, the vapour travels down towards the bottom of the fractional distillation column that is filled with a number of trays or plates. Next, the vapour rises where the column contains various different height sections where its boiling point is similar to the sections that are heated up from hottest (350 degrees) to lowest (30 degrees) starting from the bottom in order to produce different products. Products include jet fuel, gasoline, diesel oil, residue, refinery gas and bottled gas. After that, the trays collect the numerous liquid fractions from each section. Finally, the trays pass through condensers which cool them down and then procced into storage tanks or a used in extended chemical processing. Products of the Separation and their uses The fractional distillation of petroleum has produced several products that have a significant impact towards the modern world.   These products include gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heavy fuel oil, residue containing bitumen and many more. Gasoline is one of the most important   substances used in in   cars   as it contains flammable liquid hydrocarbons that react with   internal combustion engines to cause a spark that causes a mini explosion. Moreover, the fuel burns immediately and powers the vehicles crankshaft. Residue containing   Bitumen is also important substance as it plays a significant role in the construction of roads. The product is mainly used in roads as the glue or binder mixed with combined particles to create asphalt concrete. Furthermore, the oils main other uses include waterproofing products, including sealing flat roofs and the production of roof felts. The following table expands this more. Products of crude oil % of Crude oil   present Uses Refinery Gas   (350 degrees) 40-50 Roads construction Roofing Waste Management Issues: There are two issues present in cleaning up petroleum. Toxicity The toxicity of the substance is very dangerous to almost all living things. The cleaning up of crude oil tends to be great issue cause of the toxicity and so the cleaners must be very careful to not be exposed or contaminate other living things. They also have to be fast with the clean up because it can dig and leech onto underground water system that links to human residential areas and pose a serious threat onto local communities. Thickness The cleaning up of crude oil also tends to be a great issue because its thick and heavy and so it takes the cleaners many days to clean it insuring that its hasnt contaminated anything else. This is because of the temperature the oil was heated during the process in order to work properly. Therefore, to a high extent the issue of toxicity and the oils thickness is a major issue during its clean up. The Impact of the separation process on Chemistry The fractional distillation of crude oil has progressively changed over the past century. This is mainly due to the advancement of technology and knowledge through the oil refining industry. Most of the oil companies used vacuum distillation to refine crude oil whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture is distilled and reduced to less than its vapour pressure causing evaporation of the oil with the lowest boiling points. However, as the mixture contained different substances that all have different boiling points this made the oil much harder to refine. Moreover, this method was then replaced by fractional distillation as it made it much easier to refine due it being able to separate a mixture with different boiling points better. Fractional distillation has had a high impact towards other fields in chemistry where its used in petrochemical, chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. This process has allowed scientists to produce products in mode rn society and help understand more about the natural world. Evaluate one of your sources One of my sources was published by the BBC but does not present an author in the article (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqapre2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml). This company is British commercial company known its for news, documentaries and education articles. The company was formed back in 1922 by British and American electrician companies and is known to be one of the most famous companies in the world. Articles presented on their website nearly always right and used by some schools for education purposes. To make this article more academic BBC should have identified the author to inform the validity of the source. Bibliography Reference Bbc.co.uk. (2011). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Fractional distillation. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/rocks/fuelsrev3.shtml [Accessed 27 Mar. 2017]. Freudenrich, C. (2001). How Oil Refining Works. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining4.htm [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. OilPrice.com. (2009). What is Crude Oil? A Detailed Explanation on this Essential Fossil Fuel | OilPrice.com. [online] Available at: http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/What-Is-Crude-Oil-A-Detailed-Explanation-On-This-Essential-Fossil-Fuel.html [Accessed 26 Mar. 2017]. Pollutionissues.com.(Petroleum water, effects, environmental, disasters, pollutants, United States, history, causes, impact, EPA, soil, chemicals, industrial, liquid, wells, toxic, world, human, power. [online] Available at: http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Petroleum.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2017].

Social Capital in the Developing World Essay -- International Developm

The globalized world today is getting very advanced in all areas and so has become very competitive. This then accommodates the use of a comparative approach in society. Comparative, an activity derived from the word comparison meaning to compare, it is defined as a research which uses data that are compared between at least two countries (Ragin, 1987). This comparative study is a very important phenomenon in the field of social science and commenced in the1960s and 1970s. It is used as an essential form of an investigating tool in analyzing the operations between different countries with a view to formulate solutions for under- developed countries and to give details of the development of social structuring in the framing of public policies (Ghorra-Gobin, discussion paper No. 40). In order to do a comparative analysis/study, a case study is usually done between two countries. The objective is to foster a better understanding of how and why certain scenarios occur in one country and how it relates to the same scenario in the other country. One such example is the political stability in Guyana (an undeveloped country) with a ranking of 26 % compared to the political stability in the United Kingdom (a developed country) with a ranking of 66% (worldwide governance indicators). A qualitative and quantitative format is utilized in order to assess systems within government and its political affiliates. Charles Ragin states that this comparative method can be used as a means of experience in using data from one country to another in order to improve stability. The main objective of the comparative approach method is mainly to improve efficiency, effectiveness, growth and development in under-developed countries and a... ...edge Publishers. New York, USA. ARTICLES Boyne, I., (2009). Gleaner Article: Jamaica's losing battle with corruption. Fukuyama, F., (2000). Social capital and civil society. Issues 2000-2074. IMF Institute. IMF Working Paper Ghorra-Gobin, C. The Comparative Social Science Approach. Discussion Paper No. 40. www.unesco.org/shs/most Gregory, R.J., (1999). Social Capital Theory and Administrative Reform: Maintaining Ethical Probity in Public Service. Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 1999), pp. 63-75. Blackwell Publishing. Public Administration Review. Powell, L. A. (2009). Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture: Main trends in the July-August 2006 Leadership and Governance. Department of Government, UWI, Mona, Kingston WEBSITES Worldwide Governance Indicators. www. info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp . Retrieved September 20, 2010.

I Survived the Sinking of the Titanic

I SURVIVED the sinking of The Titanic, 1912 April fourteenth at seven fifteen a. m. in a first class suite on B Deck. We meet George and his eight-year-old sister Phoebe. They are returning to America after visiting London and the surrounding area with their Aunt Daisy. George is always getting in trouble and is very curious. He’s been all over the ship even to areas where he is not supposed to go. He’s made friends in steerage and exasperated his aunt and his sister and a number of the other first class passengers.His behavior had previously been causing problems between him and his father. Since George and Phoebe’s mother died a few years ago the family just hasn’t been the same. This trip was a time for George and his father to get some distance and calm down. George also describes many characters such as his aunt, sister, and other people that he meets aboard. He meets some people that become that become famous from the sinking. On the night of April f ourteenth snuck out of bed and went in to the cargo hold to find the mummy rumored to be cursed and also rumored to be on board.When he got into the cargo hold a huge bang and shutter rocked the whole ship and within a second he was completely surround by water. He returned to his room only to be awoken by one of his maids, him and his aunt were instructed to â€Å"dress warmly and put your life belts on†. When they were up and ready to go to the life boats they realized that Phoebe was gone. He soon realized that phoebe must have followed him to the cargo hold and did not see or know how to leave. He soon discovered that phoebe left lemon drops where ever she went to find her way back.When he was looking he ran in to Enzo and Marco that he met before on the ship. Enzo was screaming â€Å"phoebes†, she herd and came running to them. Lucky for George, he had met the architect of the Titanic the night before. The architect showed George all the secret passages. So, Marco , Enzo, Phoebe, Aunt Daisy and George were able to get back up to the First Class Deck. Just as they were about to get on 1 of only 16 life boats, the sailors wouldn't let Marco or George get on the boat. Enzo got on with Phoebe and Aunt Daisy.Marco decided to them jump into the freezing water. Marco helped George get onto a floating piece of furniture to survive the cold water. But, part of Marco was still in the water. Marco was starting to fade away because the water was so cold. George said the water felt like needles were stabbing him. Luckily, there was a life boat coming by and George was able to get on the boat. He lifted Marco into the boat because he was slowly dying. After a couple of hours, a big ship called the Carpathia came by and George and Marco were rescued.On the Carpathia, George and Marco were able to find Phoebe, Aunt Daisy and Enzo. They were all so happy. The whole family made it back to New York and George & Phoebe were met by their Papa. Aunt Daisy stayed i n New York with Marco to take care of Enzo while Marco was in the hospital from being in the freezing water too long. George and his Papa became friends again. George also was able to finally accept that his mother was never coming back. She died before their trip and this is why George was always into trouble. In the end things turned out to be good for his family and his friends.

The period of a pendulum Essays

The period of a pendulum Essays The period of a pendulum Paper The period of a pendulum Paper In this investigation, I will be looking at which factors affect the period (The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing) of a pendulum (a weight that dangles from a pivot so that it can swing freely). I will do this by tying a metal bob to a length of spring and dropping it from a certain height and measuring the time it takes to complete an oscillation, changing a variable for each of my preliminary investigations. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Length of String (continuous) Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Type of Bob Angle bob dropped from Person stopping stopwatch Person dropping bob Height Bob is dropped from Preliminary Investigations Preliminary One: Length of Strong Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Length of String Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Ranges Averages (mean) 10cm   68 According to my graph, there is a positive correlation between the period of a pendulum and the length of string, meaning that as the length of the string increases, the period increases as well. The gradient of this graph is 0.9879. This would be ideal for my main investigation as there is a noticeable relationship between the length of string and period. Preliminary Two: Angle Metal Bob is dropped from Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Angle from which the bob is dropped from(continuous) Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Type of Bob Same person dropping bob Same person stopping stopwatch Height bob is dropped from Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Angle Bob is dropped from Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Ranges Averages (mean) 90i This graph clearly shows a negative correlation between the period of a pendulum and the angle from which the bob was dropped. This shows that as the angle decreases, the time it takes to complete one full oscillation increases. The gradient of this graph is 0. 8847. Although this can be considered for my main investigation, the gradient of this graph is shallower than the gradient of the first preliminary, meaning that my first preliminary is likely to give me more noticeable results than this preliminary. Preliminary Three: Diameter of Bob Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Diameter of Bob (continuous) Period of the Pendulum (continuous) Type of Bob Length of string Angle bob is dropped from Same person dropping bob Same person stopping stopwatch Height bob is dropped from Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Diameter of Bob Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Ranges Averages (mean) 13mm. 27 This graph also shows a positive correlation between variable and the period of the pendulum, meaning that as the diameter is increased, the time it takes the pendulum to complete one oscillation also increases. The gradient of the line of best fit on this graph is 1. This preliminary has yielded results that has a steeper gradient than my first preliminary, which means this is also ideal for my main investigation. Preliminary Four: Type of Bob Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Type of Bob (discontinuous). Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Length of string Angle bob is dropped from Same person dropping bob Same person stopping the stopwatch Height Bob is dropped from Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Type of Bob Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Ranges Averages (mean) Iron 21 According to this graph, there is a positive correlation between the type of bob used and period. The gradient of this graph is 0. 9143. This gradient falls behind the Length of String and Diameter of Bob gradients, so its unlikely that I will use this for my main investigation, also, in terms of practicality, there wasnt a large variety of materials to choose from. Main Investigation: Length of String I decided to choose Length of String for my investigation, because, my results for that preliminary had the one of most noticeable relationships between the independent and the dependent variable as well as the fact that there were no outliers. I didnt choose Type of Bob, because Type of Bob is an example of a discrete independent variable, in that it doesnt have a numerical value that can be plotted on a graph. As well as this, even though there does appear to be a relationship between Type of Bob and the period, there was another independent variable which was changed, which was the mass of each bob. Although Diameter of Bob was also ideal to be tested in my main investigation, it lost out to Length of String simply because there was not a wide enough range of metal bobs that were made of the same material but had different diameter. So, although I predict it wouldve yielded noticeable results, Length of String is more practical to do, as well as the fact that the length of the string is easy to manipulate. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Length of String (continuous) Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Type of Bob Angle bob dropped from Person stopping stopwatch Person dropping bob Height Bob is dropped from Equipment Why Measure of Accuracy Nine different lengths of string To tie metal bob to and investigate Nearest centimetre Centimetres: Millimetres Clamp Stand To hold the pivot and the pendulum N/A. Metre stick To accurately measure out the correct lengths for the pieces of string Nearest millimetre Centimetres: Millimetres Scissors To cut the string as precisely as possible N/A Protractor To measure the angle from which the bob is to be dropped from Nearest degreei 19mm Iron bob The pendulum to swing from the pivot N/A Digital Stopwatch To accurately measure the amount of time the plant tissue soaks in the solutions for Hours:Minutes:Seconds:Milliseconds Method 1. Collect all required equipment. 2. Measure out each length of string to be used in the investigation, leaving an 8cm excess to allow for knot tying. 3. Tie bob to length of string to be tested securely 4. Set up clamp stand on the edge of the table to allow room for the pendulum 5. The person in charge of dropping the bob holds it up taut so that the bob is parallel to the clamp stand, or the length of string is perpendicular to the clamp stand and checks that the angle is 90i with the protractor. 6. Person in charge of the stopwatch signals when to drop the bob and measures the period with the stopwatch 7. Third person records results in a table 8. Retrial each length five times so as to that the results are as accurate as possible. Time of Period (seconds) Length of String Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Ranges Averages (mean) PE 10cm 01. 90 Results Pendulum Equation (PE): Time of Period=2? Interpretation: On the graph, there is positive correlation, according to my line of best fit. It appears as though the longer the string, the more time it takes for the bob to complete its oscillation. This can be explained because when the bob swings, it swings from a high position to its lowest position (the midpoint of the swing, also where the bob will come to rest when it reaches dynamic equilibrium). The change in height is caused by Earths gravitational acceleration or the change in velocity over time caused by gravity acting on the bob. If the length of the string is longer, the distance to swing from the highest point to lowest will be greater (as the distance travelled is the length of an arc, we can calculate the length of the arc using the equation 2? r x ? /360, where ? is the angle from which the bob was dropped from), therefore it would take a longer amount of time to fall to lowest point of the swing. Of course, gravity isnt the only factor that affects the period, other forces such as air resistance and friction help to eventually slow down the bob, and the mass of the string, although slight, affects the force needed to swing the pendulum back and forth. Evaluation The main investigation went well, however there are many areas which could be improved in order to get more accurate results. For example, the method wasnt very reliable because quite a few aspects of the investigation had to be carried out by humans, as well as the fact that the results which were recorded down were up to the judgement of the person who controlled the stopwatch when the bob completed its oscillation. This means that some of the results could be off by a few milliseconds or even seconds. Despite this, my group did try to keep the results as reliable as possible by making sure the same person was used to control the stopwatch and drop the bob, so that the factor of different peoples reaction times were limited. I could improve my experiment by:   Using a computer and a laser to release and measure the bob, for instance, if at its starting the point, the bob was intercepting a laser/beam of light, so that when it was dropped, the computer could measure the time it takes for the bob to re-intercept the beam again, i. e. complete its oscillation completely. Using a lighter sturdier form for the pendulum shaft instead of string, as the string had a tendency to bend throughout the oscillation, which couldve affected the results   Have a release that was positioned parallel to the clamp stand so that the angle from which the bob was dropped from each time was the same * Having a way to hook the pendulum length/string to the clamp and the bob without having to tie knots so the length of the string that would swing was more accurate Other than that, I believe my equipment was as accurate as I needed them to be, so I wouldnt change any of the equipment I was using to carry out the experiment. I think that my results are reliable because the range bars are all relatively small on my graph, however in comparison to the Pendulum Equation; the results are too big and are in turn not scientifically accurate. Ive calculated the average difference between my Averages and the Pendulum Equation line and have found it to be up to 0. 4 of a second in difference. In conclusion, I believe that the length of string does affect the period of a pendulum, despite the inaccuracy of my results as my investigation proved that this factor still theoretically affects it.

Transitional Services and Programs The WritePass Journal

Transitional Services and Programs Conclusion Transitional Services and Programs AbstractTransitional Services and ProgramsConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract Students in this country today face many challenges.   Those with learning or physical differences face the additional challenges of equal access to an education as well as to facilities.   In addition, many will require transition services to help them adapt to society after completing their high school experience.   Some students with disabilities are diagnosed early in life, while others may go undiagnosed for many years.   An observant parent or doctor may pick up on it early on, but it is often a teacher or mentor who picks up on it later in life.   When intervention starts early, programs can be designed to provide the student with the necessary services, training, and accommodations to be productive citizens.   These services are put in place for the length of the student’s school â€Å"career,† and, in some instances, can provide life-long support.   They are referred to as transitional services and are granted to classified students under the Indi viduals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 04).   They can be put in place at any time over the course of a student’s life, but when they begin at the pre-school or elementary level, intervention services can have the greatest long-term benefit for the student.   A second transition occurs at the high school level.   It is designed to carry the student through the age of twenty-one and then to follow him or her through life, as warranted.   Individual school districts are required to have a Committee on Special Education that is convened on a regular basis to address the needs of those students requiring services.   Stakeholders include: counselors, educators, administrations, parents, community members, and students, who regularly meet to discuss the goals for the student and the programs and accommodations that will provide them with the tools they need to be successful. Transitional Services and Programs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For students who traditionally receive special education services, the path to the â€Å"American Dream† is often riddled with frustration and disappointment.   Physical limitations can keep a student from entering their workplace, and once inside the building, accommodations must be in place to allow the worker the ability to move about freely in case of an emergency.   This can include the installation of elevators, handicap accessible restrooms, telephones, etc.   Federal legislation through the Americans with Disabilities Act provides training, and legal assistance for ensuring that their needs will be addressed (US ADA).   The U.S. Department of Education provides training projects, conducts research into appropriate programs, and models best practices for students, in order to provide them with the necessary tools to be successful and productive adults (Will, 1984).   Once a student is identified as having a learning or physical disability (this usually occurs in pre-school or elementary school), they are provided with a series of educational services that are designed to start by the age of fourteen and follow them through to age twenty one (Benz).   These are called transitional planning services, as they provide the necessary support for students to further their education, improve the life experience and expectancy for these students, and help them find a useful place in society. Transition planning is designed to lower the possibility that a special needs student will leave high school before graduation, and to encourage them to pursue a higher education so that they can ultimately obtain a better paying job, and develop the skills necessary to find and maintain steady employment (IRIS).   Students with Individual Education Plans (IEP) have been identified, tested, and had plans put in place for their current and future education needs.   It is important to remember that these needs are reviewed at the beginning and end of each school year to chart progress and decide if program modifications are needed and how they will be implemented.   When a classified student reaches the age of fourteen, a transition plan is put into place that provides a series of long- and short-term goals for the student.   Short-term goals can include scheduling or programs to ensure that the student will ultimately graduate, or long-term goals that can include strategies fo r independent living and college or vocational preparation.   The purpose for beginning the transition process between middle and high school is to allow the time necessary to teach skills that will enable the student to lead a healthy, productive life.   Consistent membership on the Committee for Special Education is important, as steady members know the entire history of the student, and do not need to spend time bringing temporary members up to speed.   As a student makes the move middle school to high school, for example, the membership will change because of the move to a new building.   In the Hyde Park School District, that first meeting is held with both committees present. Students are often identified as being in need of transitional services when they enter pre-school.   Stakeholders will identify those students they feel are in need of interventions and will work to complete the process of classification.   Some may come into the system with IEPs in place from other schools, or they may be recommended for services based on a physician’s diagnosis or a teacher’s observation.   The Committee on Special Education then meets to discuss any further testing that will need to be conducted and sets a series of goals for each student.   This process will include a listing of programs and accommodations along with the necessary tools to ensure that the student will be successful after they reach the age of majority. Once it is determined that a student will require transition services, a meeting is held with all the stakeholders to discuss student performance to date, required testing and its results, and then put in place a set of accom modations, goals and timelines for meeting those goals.   Members of the Committee on Special Education include; school officials (an administrator and special education coordinator), classroom and special education teachers, support personnel (Guidance Counselor, psychologist, occupational therapist, speech pathologist, etc.), a member from the public, family members and the student.   Each member of the committee serves a specific purpose and is tasked with offering; observation skills, legal background information, assessment and data collection, and services provided by outside agencies. Transition planning is a team approach (Sitlington).   It begins first with the student, and his or her future goals.   During an initial interview questioning can include where the student wants to live and how, and what they want to do for a living.   Family members are also active participants in this process, as they very often can provide insight into the student that the regular or special education teacher could not.   They may observe, for example, that the student likes to build things out of wood, is a good cook at home, or is involved in their church, a specific community group or that they like being outdoors.   They can also provide economic (family income, whether there is medical or dental insurance, and the number of family members occupying the residence) and cultural (ethnic background, immigrant status, and the language proficiency of family members living in the same house) information about the student that would be helpful to the process.   Even the cafeteria staff can be involved in this process, as they will often offer insights as to food choices in the lunch line and whether the student receives free of reduced lunch and breakfast through Title I funding.   Both the student and family must feel that the professionals on the team are respectful and that they are being treated with dignity. Before the meeting, the Case Manager will send all the staff notice that a meeting will occur and ask them for comment.   School-based professionals can discuss the testing results and put them in terms easily understood by the family (a community member who acts as an advocate on the committee would be a plus for family members with limited English language skills or those with diminished mental capacities.)   If the services of a translator are required, the Committee will provide one.   In Hyde Park, we often depend on the local hospital for translators in languages other than Spanish of French.   This is a service they offer us free of charge as a community outreach.   While the special educator is responsible for conducting testing, such as the Gates MacGinitie or Woodcock Johnson, the psychologist will conduct cognitive tests, such as the WISC or WRAT.   Both of these provide numerical scores that can be converted to grade equivalents for discussion purposes.   This information can then be combined with the anecdotal notes from the student and family interview to create a complete student profile.   The regular education teachers will introduce the differentiation strategies used in their particular classroom, the core curriculum for their content area, classroom expectations and how they will impact student learning.   Many will offer organizational strategies they have found to be valuable to other students with similar learning or physical differences.   The special education coordinator facilitates the meeting and pulls all of the information together, along with the results of any voc ational inventories to provide the student with a complete transition plan. The guidance counselor very often acts as the student advocate at these meetings.   They have had many personal conversations with the students and know what their scheduling needs are.   Many schools use the guidance department as the source for formal vocational assessment.   This showcases a student’s skills set, areas of interest, and where assistance will be required.   â€Å"Standardized testing includes the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test, the Self-Directed Search (SDS), the Strong Interest Inventory, the Occupational Aptitude Survey and Interest Assessment, second edition (OASIS II), vocational aptitudes and inventories (assessment tools that include the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), and college entrance exams† (Levinson Ohler).   Informal assessments are designed to gather information from non-standard sources such as teacher anecdotal notes, classroom observations, examples of student work, and medical records.   Withou t these tests, it is difficult to identify what accommodations and modifications should be attached to the plan.   It should be noted that students with disabilities are more likely to experience unemployment, lower pay, and job dissatisfaction (Dunn).   Many will drop out early, making their ability to maintain employment more difficult.   Guidance Counselors can use the vocational inventories to help the student better understand their capabilities and work with them in finding an appropriate job placement.   In addition, they help the Committee to validate the formal test data.   The counselor will also research post-graduation opportunities for the student.   This may include trade school, community college, the military, or the workforce.   They communicate with these groups and are aware of the services available to the special needs student.   Many maintain databases of local employers looking for students with specific disabilities for their companies.   Th e counselor also coordinates with outside agencies to line up school-to-work programs, ensure that the student is on-track to graduate, and that all of the State Board of Regents requirements for graduation will be met. Each member of this committee is responsible for contributing to the IEP plan and putting one in place that best meets the needs of the student.   After the IEP has been finalized, the work begins.   The Case Manager meets with the student to discuss the plan and establish a series of small, personal, easy to achieve goals for the student, based on those in the IEP.   Teaching organizational skills, showing the student how to safely and quickly get from place to place within the new building and acting as a consultant to the classroom teacher allows the Case Manager to build a bridge with the content specialist.   This can include explaining or providing IEP accommodations, helping the classroom teacher to modify assignments, or provide information about goal setting and progress in the classroom.  Ã‚   Perhaps the most important role of the Case Manager is to help the student learn self-advocacy (Levinson   Palmer).   The student will need to communication their needs to a teacher or employer in the future and must learn to do so respectfully and authoritatively. The Guidance counselor is responsible for making sure that the school-to-work program is in place.   He or she acts as a go between for the federal, state, and local services that will be set in place for the student.   In Dutchess County, New York, it is DC BOCES that coordinates these services between the member school districts and the support agencies.  Ã‚   He or she first considers the results of the formal and informal testing that was conducted and coordinates the educational plan that includes: the type and number of classes, support services designed to ensure student success, employment and strategies for independent living, and learning the skills necessary to cook, clean, balance a checkbook, fill out a job application, and rent an apartment. In addition to the Guidance Counselor, other school personnel can help meet the special needs of the student and help him or her prepare for their future.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dunn (1996) considers that there are â€Å"three goals for students: to gain an understanding of themselves and their abilities, interests, and values; gain an understanding of the world of work; and acquire effective decision-making skills.   Each of these areas is important to the students ability to make realistic and informed decisions about work, and school-based activities.†Ã‚   Administrators ensure that staff members attend and provide input at transition planning meetings by arranging for classroom coverage.   Teachers provide anecdotal classroom notes and assessment data that address the strengths and interests of their students.   They can also discuss realistic career goals and invite local trades people to discuss career choices with the class as a whole.   A student who wishes to become a do ctor, for example, may find greater success as a Certified Nursing Assistant or a Home Health Aide, or they may just volunteer at their local hospital.   Discussing Life Science topics with this group would be beneficial.   A carpenter needs to use the geometry of perimeter to order and install baseboard trim around a room, an electrician needs to understand the physics electrical loss when running wires over a long distance, and an excavator needs to understand the principals erosion when putting in a driveway.   Teachers can introduce career options and incorporate real-world applications of subject matter into homework and tests.   Inviting guest speakers into the classroom allows the student to see how their classroom experience relates to real-world skills.   Support personnel can offer insight into their career choices.   The school cafeteria staff, can give tours and discuss food service careers, the transportation department can talk about mechanics or driving la rge vehicles, and secretaries can talk about office jobs; filing, how to properly answer the phone, and collect and distribute mail.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents should be encouraged to participate in developing the goals and objectives for the student.   Whether they have the developmental capacity to do so or not, a parent can often add a perspective that will help the committee.   They can attend presentations and workshops with their children, join support groups, or conduct their own Internet research.   Parental and community involvement can also include a di scussion of personal work experiences, local resources, and career choices.   Those students preparing to take a place in the workforce are also given consideration in the transitional process.   Finding a rewarding job for many is an equally viable option.   In the Hyde Park School District, potential local employers hold a mini job fair for our classified students every spring.   They also offer tours of their facilities.   Some students will opt to work while still in school, while others prefer to wait until after graduation.   Those students participating in the work-study program meet with the employer to fill out a contract with the student requiring that grades be at a â€Å"C† level, proper attire be worn when at work, and that attendance must be within acceptable levels.   Several of our students have chosen to continue with these companies after graduation, and one chose to remain in her position while beginning at the local community college.   Stu dents choosing to wait until graduation to go to work will obtain employment services, or conduct their job search through a state or local employment agency. Many state and local agencies are available to assist the school, parents and the student in the transition process.   In Dutchess County, for example, specialized schools are available that can provide reading support for Dyslexic students, life skills training and education for Autistic students, and job-training for developmentally disabled students.   Research through state and local databases can offer a myriad of agencies designed to offer financial assistance, planning and advocacy.   Local colleges offer workshops both before the application process and upon acceptance to college (Sherman).   County and regional centers offer training, bilingual services, behavior intervention services, approvals for private school providers, and local special education school improvement specialists.   Through the student’s IEP, community agencies, families, and service providers can help the student meet their personal goals.   For many students in the past, life came to an abrupt halt in their late teens.   To allow these students a normal post-high school experience, colleges in twenty-three states have begun programs to provide a college-like experience for many these students. Conclusion For a special needs student, a network of professionals is in place to provide services and support.   Through the CSE process, they provide transitional services that begin with careful planning and open lines of communication.   The members of the Committee on Special Education meet at regular intervals over the course of the school year to gather related data, look at programs, and provide guidance to the classroom teacher, student, and parents.   They then advise all the classroom teachers and any other staff whom may have contact with the student what the result of the transitional services meeting is.   Many schools subscribe to an Internet based program called IEP Direct, and post a student’s documentation for all authorized personnel to access.   After the meeting, they are asked to read the minutes and offer a response.   This â€Å"village† approach to providing stabilization for a student with disabilities has proven to be very successful. References Benz, M.,   Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D.,   Waintrup, M.   (2004).   Sustaining secondary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   transition programs in local schools.   Remedial and Special Education,  25(1),  39-  Ã‚   50.   Retrieved April 30, 2011, from ProQuest Education Journals. (Document    ID:  542504691). Dunn, C. (1996). A status report on transition planning for individuals with learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   disabilities.   In J.R. Patton G. Blaylock (Eds.), Transition and students with   Ã‚   learning disabilities: Facilitating the movement from school to adult life. Austin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TX: PRO-ED. The IRIS Center for Training Enhancements.   (2007).   School counselors: Facilitating transitions for students with disabilities from high school to post-school settings.   Retrieved on [April 30, 2011] from http://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/cou2/chalcycle.htm Levinson, E.   Palmer, E.   (2005,  April).   Preparing students with disabilities for school-   to-work transition and postschool life.   Principal Leadership,  5(8),  11-15.      Retrieved April 30, 2011, from ProQuest Education Journals. (Document   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ID:  827244261). Levinson, E. Ohler, D.   (2004). Vocational assessment for transition planning:   Ã‚   guidelines for educators.   National Association of School Psychologists.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bethesda, MD. www.nasponline.org. Sherman,  M.   (2010,  October).   Colleges to include more students with intellectual disabilities.   Education Daily,  43(174),  2.   Retrieved April 30, 2011, from   Ã‚   ProQuest Education Journals.   (Document ID:  2170206871). Sitlington, P., Neubert, D., Clark, G.   (2010).   Transition education and services for  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   students  with disabilities. (5th ed.).   Boston:  Pearson. United States Department of Labor; Disability Resources.   Retrieved May 3, 2011.   dol.gov/dol/topic/disability/ada.htm Will, M. (1984). OSERS programming for the transition of youth with disabilities:    Bridges from school to working life. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of   Ã‚  Ã‚   Education.

Evaluation methodology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluation methodology - Term Paper Example Evaluation methodology The researcher will use the CIPP evaluation model to guide this program evaluation. The acronym CIPP stands for context evaluation, input evaluation, process evaluation, and product evaluation. Developed by D. L. Stufflebeam, the CIPP evaluation design employs a logic model to describe the program’s elements. Since the early 1970s, the logic model has been used in the educational system, and represents a plausible and sensible model about how a program will work under certain environmental conditions to solve identified problems. The logic model is the core of a certain program’s planning, evaluation, program management, and communications. It holds together everything a program was originally designed for, from its goals, vision, resources, activities, and intended outcomes in a way that is logical to its purpose (Hall, Daly, & Madigan, 2010). The study to be designed will follow its evaluation approaches to test and verify the reality of the advisory program of a target school and how it works. It will also help the researcher focus on appropriate process and outcome measures. The CIPP model of program evaluation is the process of delineating, obtaining, providing, and applying descriptive and judgmental information about the merit and worth of some object goals, design, implementation, and outcomes to guide improvement decisions, provide accountability reports, inform institutionalization/dissemination decisions, and improve understanding of the involved phenomena.... The CIPP model of program evaluation is the process of delineating, obtaining, providing, and applying descriptive and judgmental information about the merit and worth of some object goals, design, implementation, and outcomes to guide improvement decisions, provide accountability reports, inform institutionalization/dissemination decisions, and improve understanding of the involved phenomena (Kellaghan & Stufflebeam, 2003). It is a simple procedural model that measures program evaluation. It would reflect the efficiency of performance of a certain program. (Wholey, Hart, & Newcomer, 1987; Hong, Teng, & Baum, 2009; Chien, Lee, & Cheng, 2007). The CIPP goes through four stages in the evaluation of programs. The first stage of context evaluation assesses the needs and problems of the program and how set goals are being met. It identifies what needs to be done for improvement. The second stage of input evaluation assesses the organization’s budget and staffing and sees how effect ive resources are being used. The third stage of process evaluation assesses how plans are being implemented and if the activities being performed produce positive outcomes for the stakeholders. The fourth and last stage of product evaluation assesses the outcomes of the program and checks if initial goals have been fulfilled (Stufflebeam & Shinkfield, 2007). Due to its renowned reputation as an effective model of evaluation, this study has chosen the CIPP to evaluate an educational advisory program (Kellaghan & Stufflebeam, 2003). The results of the evaluation using this model will greatly help decision makers to assess the needs of the program in implementing its various activities. Using the CIPP

Discuss the main procedural differences between criminal and civil Essay

Discuss the main procedural differences between criminal and civil trials - Essay Example Each municipalities, federal government and state have their own criminal codes defining types of conduct that constitute crimes. In Scotland, law is divided into two main categories, that is, civil law and criminal law. Civil law speaks about the rights and obligations of organisations and individuals. It is a principle that was adopted from Roman law. Civil Law aims to sort out problems and arguments between individuals and other organisations. Criminal Law is the primary means by which the government discovers and criminalizes behaviour that is regarded wrong and damaging to a person s or society as a whole. Criminal law system is the mechanism through which action is taken to deal with people suspected of committing offences. Scots civil procedure governs the rules of civil procedure in Scotland. Furthermore, it deals with the Scottish civil courts jurisdiction as follows Sheriff Courts and Court of Session. Moreover, civil procedure is generally regulated by Acts of Sederunt whi ch are statutes which are passed by the court session (Susan MacKessack). It can also be regulated by the primary legist ration enacted such as Civil Evidence (Scotland) Act 1988 which removed requirements for corroborating evidence. The Human right Act 1998, enacted civil procedure has increasingly been shaped by case law from the European court of Human Rights. The procedures involved in Criminal and Civil are different in many ways. In Criminal trials prosecutions of nearly all cases is started by the state while civil trials on the other hand, are started by an individual, organization or companies for their own benefits. In other words criminal trials are filed by the government while as civil trials are filed by private parties. The trials of Criminal and Civil are normally held in different courts, and in civil trials juries are not so often used. Another distinction is that in the Criminal trials courts may force the guilty party to pay a fine as punishment for their crime a nd also the legal costs of the both lawyers. On the other hand, in civil trials the victim just asks for compensation and not a criminal action is taken (June Fraser). In a civil proceeding the defendant can be found not liable or liable and the judge decides on the case while in a criminal trial the defendant is sentenced if he is guilty or acquitted if not guilty by the jury this is because arguments among people can be resolved and damage mended compared to crimes in criminals cases such as murder or man slaughter which are severe and leave damages that are irreversible. Furthermore, in civil trail procedure accuser must produce evidence beyond the proportion of probabilities while in a criminal trial the evidence produced must be proven beyond reasonable doubt. Moreover, in civil trials burden of proof is on the claimant, otherwise, the charge may turn to the defendant in situations that the things speak for it. In the criminal trial the accused is considered innocent until prov en guilty by the prosecutor. Compensation in term of money for injuries, an injunction or damages is usually instilled on a party found to be on the wrong in a civil trial while in criminal trials a guilty party